细胞生物.6 | Connectives
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1. Basic Composition of Connective Tissue

1. 结缔组织的基本组成

Connective tissue is made up of three main components:
结缔组织由三大成分构成:

  • Ground substance: A gel-like material that fills the space between cells and fibers. It contains water, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), proteoglycans, and glycoproteins, providing hydration, cushioning, and molecular binding.
    基质:一种凝胶状物质,填充在细胞和纤维之间。包含水、糖胺聚糖(GAGs)、蛋白多糖(Proteoglycans)、糖蛋白(Glycoproteins),用于保水、缓冲和分子结合。
  • Fibers: Includes collagen (strong and flexible), elastic (stretchy), and reticular (supportive).
    纤维:包括胶原纤维(坚韧且有弹性)、弹性纤维(可伸展)、网状纤维(支持结构)。
  • Cells: Vary by tissue type and function, such as fibroblasts, adipocytes, and immune cells.
    细胞:因组织类型和功能不同而异,如成纤维细胞、脂肪细胞、免疫细胞等。

Together, these form the extracellular matrix (ECM), which provides structural and biochemical support to cells.
这些共同构成了细胞外基质(ECM),为细胞提供结构和生化支持。


2. Classification

2. 分类

Connective tissue is broadly classified into:
结缔组织大体可分为:

A. Connective Tissue Proper(固有结缔组织)

  • Loose connective tissue: Fewer fibers, more ground substance. Soft and flexible. Includes areolar, adipose, and reticular tissues.
    疏松结缔组织:纤维少,基质多,质地柔软有弹性。包括:网状、脂肪、疏松结缔组织。
  • Dense connective tissue: More fibers, especially collagen, less ground substance. Strong and stretch-resistant. Subtypes: dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic connective tissue.
    致密结缔组织:纤维多,尤其是胶原纤维,基质少,坚固且抗拉伸。亚型包括:规则致密、非规则致密、弹性结缔组织。

B. Specialized Connective Tissue(特殊结缔组织)

  • Includes cartilage, bone, and blood.
    包括:软骨、骨、血液。

3. Cartilage Types

3. 软骨的类型

  • Hyaline cartilage: Most common. Found in nose, trachea, ends of long bones.
    透明软骨:最常见,分布于鼻、气管、长骨骨端。
  • Fibrocartilage: Toughest. Found in intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, knee menisci.
    纤维软骨:最坚韧,位于椎间盘、耻骨联合、膝关节半月板。
  • Elastic cartilage: Most flexible. Found in ear and epiglottis.
    弹性软骨:最具柔韧性,分布于耳廓、会厌。

4. Bone Tissue

4. 骨组织

Two types based on maturity:
根据成熟度可分为:

  • Immature (woven) bone — 未成熟骨(编织骨)
  • Mature (lamellar) bone — 成熟骨(板层骨),进一步分为:
    • Compact bone: Dense, in diaphysis (shaft).
      致密骨:致密,位于长骨干。
    • Spongy bone: Porous, in epiphyses (ends).
      松质骨:多孔,位于长骨端。

Bone matrix 骨基质

  • Organic part: Collagen fibers → flexibility and tensile strength.
    有机成分:胶原纤维 → 提供韧性与抗拉强度。
  • Inorganic part: Calcium phosphate → hardness.
    无机成分:磷酸钙盐 → 提供硬度。

Bone cells 骨细胞

  • Osteoblasts: Build bone. 成骨细胞 → 合成骨基质。
  • Osteocytes: Maintain bone. 骨细胞 → 维持骨组织。
  • Osteoclasts: Break down bone. 破骨细胞 → 吸收骨质。

5. Blood as Connective Tissue

5. 血液作为结缔组织

  • Plasma (~55%): Liquid portion.
    血浆 (~55%):液体部分。
  • Cells (~45%): Mainly RBCs, fewer WBCs and platelets.
    细胞 (~45%):主要为红细胞,少量白细胞和血小板。

Functions 功能: Transport (O₂, nutrients, waste), immune defense, clotting.
功能:运输(氧气、营养物质、代谢废物)、免疫防御、凝血。


6. Interface with Epithelial Tissue

6. 与上皮组织的衔接

  • Basement membrane connects epithelium with connective tissue.
    基底膜连接上皮与下方结缔组织。
  • Produced by both epithelial and connective cells.
    由上皮细胞与结缔细胞共同分泌。
  • Provides support and mediates nutrient/waste exchange.
    提供支持,并进行营养/代谢物交换。

Ground substance

1. 水(Water)

作为溶剂,是基质的主要成分。

2. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs,糖胺聚糖)

  • 比如:透明质酸(hyaluronic acid)硫酸软骨素(chondroitin sulfate)
  • 是长链的多糖分子,带负电荷,能吸水,形成凝胶状环境

3. Proteoglycans(蛋白多糖)

  • 是糖胺聚糖和蛋白质结合而成的大分子
  • 起到水合、抗压屏障信号调节作用

4. Glycoproteins(糖蛋白)

  • 比如:**纤维连接蛋白(fibronectin)*和*层粘连蛋白(laminin)
  • 起到连接作用,把细胞、胶原纤维和基质其他成分“粘”在一起,帮助细胞附着
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