生理学.1 | Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
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内环境 Internal environment

内环境:细胞生存和发挥功能所依赖的体内环境,主要指细胞外液(extracellular fluid, ECF)。
Cells do not directly interact with the external environment, but function within an internal environment.

内环境一旦超出正常范围 → 细胞功能障碍 → 疾病甚至死亡。
Out-of-range internal conditions lead to cellular dysfunction, disease, or death.


内环境的理化参数 Physico-chemical parameters

稳态不是维持一个固定值,而是维持在正常范围内的动态波动
Homeostasis means maintaining variables within a normal range, not at a fixed value.

  • 代谢物浓度 Metabolite concentration
    过低 → 能量和物质合成不足
    过高 → 激活异常代谢通路,细胞损伤
    Both deficiency and excess are harmful (e.g. excess glucose → diabetes).
  • 氧气与二氧化碳 O₂ and CO₂ tension
    维持细胞能量代谢和酸碱平衡
    Required for energy metabolism and pH regulation.
  • 废物清除 Waste removal
    代谢废物堆积本身就是病理状态
    Accumulation of waste is toxic and pathological.
  • **pH **≈ 7.35–7.45
    酶活性和蛋白结构高度依赖 pH
    pH must be kept within a narrow range for enzyme function.
  • 水和电解质 Water and electrolytes (Na⁺, Cl⁻, etc.)
    决定渗透压、细胞体积和形态
    Osmolarity affects cell volume and structure.
  • 体积与压力 Volume and pressure
    影响组织灌注和物质交换
    Influence tissue perfusion and exchange.
  • 温度 Temperature
    影响反应速率和蛋白折叠
    Temperature alters reaction rates and protein folding.

参考正常值(大概率不会考)

气体 Gas parameters
  • O₂ 分压 (PaO₂)
    动脉血 ≈ 80–100 mmHg
    Arterial PaO₂: ~80–100 mmHg
  • CO₂ 分压 (PaCO₂)
    动脉血 ≈ 35–45 mmHg
    Arterial PaCO₂: ~35–45 mmHg

酸碱平衡 Acid–base balance
  • pH
    血液 pH ≈ 7.35–7.45
    Normal blood pH: 7.35–7.45

代谢物 Metabolites
  • 血糖 Glucose
    空腹 ≈ 70–100 mg/dL(≈ 3.9–5.6 mmol/L)
    Fasting blood glucose: ~70–100 mg/dL
  • 乳酸 Lactate
    静息状态 < 2 mmol/L
    Resting lactate < 2 mmol/L

水与渗透压 Water & osmolarity
  • 血浆渗透压 Plasma osmolarity
    275–295 mOsm/kg
    Normal plasma osmolarity: 275–295 mOsm/kg

电解质 Electrolytes
  • Na⁺
    135–145 mmol/L
  • K⁺
    3.5–5.0 mmol/L
  • Cl⁻
    98–106 mmol/L
  • Ca²⁺(总钙)
    2.2–2.6 mmol/L

体积与压力 Volume & pressure
  • 血容量 Blood volume
    5 L(成人)
    Adult blood volume ~5 L
  • 动脉血压 Arterial blood pressure
    120 / 80 mmHg

温度 Temperature
  • 核心体温 Core body temperature
    36.5–37.5 °C
    Normal core temperature: 36.5–37.5 °C

稳态的定义 Definition of homeostasis

稳态:通过调控机制,使内环境参数维持在正常范围内的动态平衡。
Homeostasis is the dynamic regulation of physico-chemical parameters within a physiological range.


反馈系统 Feedback control system

稳态依赖反馈调控机制。
Homeostasis relies on feedback control systems.

反馈系统的三部分:

  • 感受器 Receptor / Sensor
  • 控制中心 Control centre
  • 效应器 Effector

A feedback system consists of sensors, a control centre, and effectors.


负反馈 Negative feedback

负反馈:系统反应方向抵消原始变化
Negative feedback counteracts deviations from the set point.

是维持稳态的主要机制
Main mechanism maintaining homeostasis.

逻辑链:
变量↑ → 感受器检测 → 控制中心 → 效应器作用 → 变量回到正常范围
Increase → sensing → integration → effector response → return toward normal range.


正反馈 Positive feedback

正反馈:系统反应方向放大原始变化
Positive feedback amplifies the initial stimulus.

不用于维持稳态,而是推动过程快速完成并达到新平衡。
Used to drive a process to completion and reach a new equilibrium.

典型例子:分娩(oxytocin)
Classic example: childbirth.

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