内环境 Internal environment
内环境:细胞生存和发挥功能所依赖的体内环境,主要指细胞外液(extracellular fluid, ECF)。
Cells do not directly interact with the external environment, but function within an internal environment.
内环境一旦超出正常范围 → 细胞功能障碍 → 疾病甚至死亡。
Out-of-range internal conditions lead to cellular dysfunction, disease, or death.
内环境的理化参数 Physico-chemical parameters
稳态不是维持一个固定值,而是维持在正常范围内的动态波动。
Homeostasis means maintaining variables within a normal range, not at a fixed value.
- 代谢物浓度 Metabolite concentration
过低 → 能量和物质合成不足
过高 → 激活异常代谢通路,细胞损伤
Both deficiency and excess are harmful (e.g. excess glucose → diabetes). - 氧气与二氧化碳 O₂ and CO₂ tension
维持细胞能量代谢和酸碱平衡
Required for energy metabolism and pH regulation. - 废物清除 Waste removal
代谢废物堆积本身就是病理状态
Accumulation of waste is toxic and pathological. - **pH **≈ 7.35–7.45
酶活性和蛋白结构高度依赖 pH
pH must be kept within a narrow range for enzyme function. - 水和电解质 Water and electrolytes (Na⁺, Cl⁻, etc.)
决定渗透压、细胞体积和形态
Osmolarity affects cell volume and structure. - 体积与压力 Volume and pressure
影响组织灌注和物质交换
Influence tissue perfusion and exchange. - 温度 Temperature
影响反应速率和蛋白折叠
Temperature alters reaction rates and protein folding.
参考正常值(大概率不会考)
气体 Gas parameters
- O₂ 分压 (PaO₂)
动脉血 ≈ 80–100 mmHg
Arterial PaO₂: ~80–100 mmHg- CO₂ 分压 (PaCO₂)
动脉血 ≈ 35–45 mmHg
Arterial PaCO₂: ~35–45 mmHg酸碱平衡 Acid–base balance
- pH
血液 pH ≈ 7.35–7.45
Normal blood pH: 7.35–7.45代谢物 Metabolites
- 血糖 Glucose
空腹 ≈ 70–100 mg/dL(≈ 3.9–5.6 mmol/L)
Fasting blood glucose: ~70–100 mg/dL- 乳酸 Lactate
静息状态 < 2 mmol/L
Resting lactate < 2 mmol/L水与渗透压 Water & osmolarity
- 血浆渗透压 Plasma osmolarity
≈ 275–295 mOsm/kg
Normal plasma osmolarity: 275–295 mOsm/kg电解质 Electrolytes
- Na⁺
135–145 mmol/L- K⁺
3.5–5.0 mmol/L- Cl⁻
98–106 mmol/L- Ca²⁺(总钙)
2.2–2.6 mmol/L体积与压力 Volume & pressure
- 血容量 Blood volume
≈ 5 L(成人)
Adult blood volume ~5 L- 动脉血压 Arterial blood pressure
≈ 120 / 80 mmHg温度 Temperature
- 核心体温 Core body temperature
≈ 36.5–37.5 °C
Normal core temperature: 36.5–37.5 °C
稳态的定义 Definition of homeostasis
稳态:通过调控机制,使内环境参数维持在正常范围内的动态平衡。
Homeostasis is the dynamic regulation of physico-chemical parameters within a physiological range.
反馈系统 Feedback control system
稳态依赖反馈调控机制。
Homeostasis relies on feedback control systems.
反馈系统的三部分:
- 感受器 Receptor / Sensor
- 控制中心 Control centre
- 效应器 Effector
A feedback system consists of sensors, a control centre, and effectors.
负反馈 Negative feedback
负反馈:系统反应方向抵消原始变化。
Negative feedback counteracts deviations from the set point.
是维持稳态的主要机制。
Main mechanism maintaining homeostasis.
逻辑链:
变量↑ → 感受器检测 → 控制中心 → 效应器作用 → 变量回到正常范围
Increase → sensing → integration → effector response → return toward normal range.
正反馈 Positive feedback
正反馈:系统反应方向放大原始变化。
Positive feedback amplifies the initial stimulus.
不用于维持稳态,而是推动过程快速完成并达到新平衡。
Used to drive a process to completion and reach a new equilibrium.
典型例子:分娩(oxytocin)
Classic example: childbirth.