本笔记用于HAREC级别的业余无线电执照测试，仅适用于瑞典王国业余无线电执照。相关法律法规和操作请勿使用在中国无线电协会辖区或其他国家。

International Regulations & Structure 国际法规与体系结构

International Telecommunication Union (ITU) 国际电信联盟

The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for coordinating global use of the radio spectrum and satellite orbits.
国际电信联盟（ITU）是联合国专门机构，负责协调全球无线电频谱和卫星轨道的使用。

The ITU establishes the international legal framework for radio communication through the Radio Regulations (RR).
ITU 通过《无线电规则》（Radio Regulations, RR）建立国际无线电通信的法律框架。

The Radio Regulations:

Allocate frequency bands to different radio services
将频段分配给不同无线电业务
Define technical and operational rules
规定技术和操作规则
Establish procedures for interference resolution
建立干扰处理程序

ITU Regions

For frequency management, the world is divided into three ITU Regions.

Region 1: Europe, Africa, Middle East

Region 2: North and South America

Region 3: Asia-Pacific

Sweden belongs to Region 1.

Although allocations are largely harmonized, some differences exist between regions.

Allocation vs Authorization 国际分配与国家许可

An important conceptual distinction exists between allocation and authorization.

An allocation means that the Radio Regulations assign a frequency band to a specific service at the international level.
“分配”指《无线电规则》在国际层面将某一频段指定给某种无线电业务。

An authorization is a national decision allowing operators within a country to use that band.
“许可”是国家层面的决定，允许本国操作员使用该频段。

Allocation does not automatically grant the right to transmit.
国际分配并不自动赋予发射权。

National authorities decide practical access.

Definition of the Amateur Service

The ITU defines the amateur service as:

A radiocommunication service for the purpose of self-training, intercommunication and technical investigations carried out by duly authorized persons interested in radio technique solely with a personal aim and without pecuniary interest.

ITU 对业余无线电的定义是：

由经正式授权人员开展的无线电通信业务，用于自我训练、相互通信和技术研究，仅限个人兴趣目的，不得以营利为目的。

Essential elements:

Duly authorized persons
Self-training
Intercommunication
Technical investigations
Without pecuniary interest

The amateur service is therefore educational and experimental in nature.

Amateur-Satellite Service

The amateur-satellite service is defined similarly to the amateur service but involves space stations on Earth satellites.
业余卫星业务与业余无线电类似，但通过地球卫星上的空间站进行通信。

The same fundamental principles apply:

Non-commercial purpose
Authorized operators

业余通信通常禁止加密。但业余卫星的控制信号可以因操作安全而加密。

Harmful Interference 有害干扰

The Radio Regulations define harmful interference as interference which endangers the functioning of a radio navigation service or seriously degrades, obstructs or repeatedly interrupts a radiocommunication service.

《无线电规则》将有害干扰定义为：
危及无线电导航业务运行，或严重降低、阻碍或反复中断无线电通信业务的干扰。

All stations must operate so as not to cause harmful interference.
所有电台必须避免造成有害干扰。

If harmful interference occurs, corrective action must be taken by the transmitting station.
若发生有害干扰，发射电台必须采取纠正措施。

Hierarchy of Regulation 法规层级结构

The structure of authority in radio regulation can be viewed hierarchically.

International level:
ITU — establishes global rules and allocations
国际层面：ITU 制定全球规则和频段分配

National level:
National administrations implement and enforce regulations
国家层面：各国主管机构实施和执行

Individual level:
Licensed operators must comply with national and international rules
个人层面：持证操作员必须遵守相关规定

This layered structure ensures coordinated global spectrum management while preserving national sovereignty.
这一层级结构确保全球频谱协调，同时保留各国主权。

Swedish Legal Framework 瑞典法律体系

Lag om Elektronisk Kommunikation (电子通信法, LEK)

Laget om Elektronisk Kommunikation (2003:389)** is the principal law governing electronic communications in Sweden.
《电子通信法》（2003:389）是瑞典电子通信领域的核心法律。

It establishes the legal foundation for:

Use of radio transmitters
无线电发射设备的使用
Frequency management
频谱管理
Regulatory supervision
监管与执法

Under this Act, the government appoints a supervisory authority.
根据该法律，政府指定主管监管机构。

Post- och Telestyrelsen (PTS) 瑞典邮政与电信管理局

The PTS is the national authority responsible for implementing radio regulations in Sweden.
PTS 是瑞典负责执行无线电法规的国家主管机构。

Its responsibilities include:

Allocating frequency bands nationally
在国内分配频段
Issuing regulations on power limits
规定功率限制
Granting high-power permits
发放高功率许可
Supervising compliance
监督法规执行

Although amateur radio is exempt from individual license fees, it remains subject to regulatory conditions.
虽然业余无线电免除个人执照费用，但仍必须遵守相关法规条件。

Exemption from Individual License

In Sweden, amateur radio operation is generally exempt from individual licensing requirements.
在瑞典，业余无线电通常免除个人执照制度。

However, exemption does not mean absence of regulation.
免执照并不等于没有监管。

Operators must:

Hold a valid amateur certificate
持有有效业余无线电证书
Use frequencies and power within defined limits
在规定频段和功率范围内操作
Avoid harmful interference
避免造成有害干扰

These conditions function as binding operating rules.
这些条件具有约束性的操作规则效力。

High-Power Permits 高功率许可

Standard amateur operation allows up to 200 W PEP on most bands.
标准业余操作在多数频段允许 200 W PEP。

Operation up to 1000 W PEP requires a high-power permit issued by PTS.
使用 1000 W PEP 需申请 PTS 高功率许可。

Certain bands have lower limits and are not eligible for high-power permits.
某些频段功率更低，且不可申请高功率许可。

Radioutrustningslag 无线电设备法

Radioutrustningslaget (2016:392) regulates equipment placed on the market.
《无线电设备法》（2016:392）规范市场上销售的无线电设备。

Amateur radio equipment has specific exemptions:

Equipment constructed by amateurs
业余爱好者自制设备
Kits for assembly
套件设备
Modified amateur equipment
改装的业余设备

Such equipment does not require new type approval after modification, provided it is used within amateur service conditions.
在业余无线电条件下使用时，改装设备无需重新型式认证。

Responsibility for Interference 干扰责任

If harmful interference occurs, the responsible party is the operator or owner of the transmitting installation.
若发生有害干扰，责任在发射装置的操作员或所有者。

This applies to:

Personal stations
个人电台
Repeaters
中继台
Fixed installations
固定电台

Regulatory authorities may require corrective measures.
监管机构可要求采取整改措施。

Use of Amateur Equipment Outside Amateur Service 业余设备在其他业务中的使用

Amateur equipment may not be used for services outside the amateur service unless it complies with the specific requirements of that service.
业余设备不得用于业余无线电业务以外的业务，除非符合该业务的专门设备要求。

For example:

Maritime or aeronautical services require approved equipment designed for those services.
海事或航空业务必须使用专用认证设备。

Holding another type of operator certificate does not override equipment restrictions.
持有其他业务证书并不能突破设备限制。

National Enforcement 国家执法

PTS has authority to:

Inspect installations
检查电台设备
Require corrective actions
要求整改
Impose penalties for violations
对违规行为进行处罚

Compliance with both national and international regulations is mandatory.
必须同时遵守国家和国际法规。

Band Allocation & Power Limits 频段与功率限制

General Power Framework 一般功率框架

In Sweden, amateur radio operation is regulated by frequency band and maximum permitted power.
在瑞典，业余无线电操作按频段划分，并规定最大允许功率。

For most amateur bands:

200 W PEP is permitted without special authorization
200 W PEP 无需特别许可
Up to 1000 W PEP requires a high-power permit from PTS
使用 1000 W PEP 需 PTS 高功率许可

PEP refers to transmitter output power measured at the RF output stage.
PEP 指发射机射频输出端测量的功率。

Swedish Amateur Bands Overview 瑞典业余频段总览

Band 波段	Frequency 频率范围	Standard Limit 标准上限	Special Notes 特别说明
2200 m	135.7–137.8 kHz	1 W ERP	极低频实验频段
630 m	472–479 kHz	1 W EIRP	极低功率限制
160 m	1.8 MHz band	200 W / 1000 W permit	部分区段更低功率
80 m	3.5–3.8 MHz	200 W PEP	常用语音频段
60 m	5 MHz band	15 W EIRP	含天线增益
40 m	7.0–7.2 MHz	200 W / 1000 W permit	主力 HF 频段
30 m	10.1–10.15 MHz	150 W PEP	不适用 1 kW
20 m	14 MHz band	200 W / 1000 W permit	DX 常用
17 m	18 MHz band	200 W / 1000 W permit	WARC 频段
15 m	21 MHz band	200 W / 1000 W permit	高频传播好
12 m	24 MHz band	200 W / 1000 W permit	WARC 频段
10 m	28 MHz band	200 W / 1000 W permit	高频传播明显
6 m	50–52 MHz	200 W PEP	通常不可 1 kW
2 m	144–146 MHz	200 W / 1000 W permit	VHF 主力
70 cm	432–438 MHz	200 W / 1000 W permit	UHF 主力
13 cm	2400–2450 MHz	100 mW PEP	极低功率

EIRP vs PEP in Practice EIRP 与 PEP 的实际区别

PEP is measured at the transmitter output.
PEP 在发射机输出端测量。

EIRP represents effective radiated power in space, including antenna gain.
EIRP 表示空间中等效辐射功率，包含天线增益。

If a band specifies EIRP, antenna gain must be considered when calculating transmitter power.
若频段以 EIRP 限制，必须计算天线增益。

Band Plan vs Legal Limits 频段规划与法律限制

Band plans describe recommended usage within a band (CW, digital, voice).
频段规划描述频段内部推荐用途。

Power limits are legally binding.
功率限制具有法律约束力。

Operating outside permitted power or frequency limits constitutes a regulatory violation.
超出频率或功率限制属于违规行为。

Operating Procedures & Conduct 操作规范与行为准则

The Radio Amateur’s Code 业余无线电行为准则

The Radio Amateur’s Code describes the ethical foundation of amateur radio operation.
业余无线电行为准则描述了业余操作的伦理基础。

A radio amateur is:

Considerate — Never knowingly operates in a way that reduces others’ enjoyment.
体谅他人 —— 不故意影响他人通联体验。

Loyal — Offers loyalty and encouragement to fellow amateurs and organizations.
忠诚 —— 支持业余群体与组织。

Progressive — Keeps station technically up to date and operates in a professional manner.
进步 —— 持续改进设备与技术。

Friendly — Patient and helpful, especially to beginners.
友善 —— 对新手耐心、乐于帮助。

Balanced — Ensures radio hobby does not interfere with family or professional duties.
平衡 —— 不影响家庭和工作。

Patriotic — Ready to serve country and community when needed.
服务社会 —— 在需要时为国家与社区服务。

Calling and Establishing Contact 呼叫与建立通联

Before transmitting, the operator must ensure the frequency is not in use.
发射前必须确认频率未被占用。

Typical procedure:

Listen
监听
Ask if frequency is in use
询问是否占用
Call CQ
呼叫 CQ

A proper CQ call includes the call sign clearly and repeated appropriately.
标准 CQ 呼叫应清晰报出呼号并适当重复。

Responding to a Call 回应呼叫

When answering a station:

The called station’s call sign is transmitted first, followed by your own.
应先报对方呼号，再报自己呼号。

Example:

“W1ABC this is SM2XYZ”

In CW:

“W1ABC DE SM2XYZ”

“DE” means “from”.
DE 表示“来自”。

Split Operation 分频操作

In high-demand situations, a DX station may transmit on one frequency and listen on another.
在高需求情况下，DX 电台可能发射与接收使用不同频率。

Example:

“Listening 5 up”

This means:

The station transmits on its current frequency but listens 5 kHz higher.
该电台在当前频率发射，在高 5 kHz 处接收。

Operators must follow the DX station’s instructions and avoid transmitting on the wrong frequency.
操作员必须遵守 DX 指示，不得在错误频率发射。

Repeater Operation 中继操作

Repeaters are commonly used in VHF and UHF bands.
中继常用于 VHF 与 UHF 频段。

Proper repeater use includes:

Listening before transmitting
发射前监听
Identifying with call sign
报呼号
Leaving short pauses between transmissions
发射间留短暂停顿

Repeaters are shared systems and require disciplined operation.
中继是共享系统，需规范使用。

Q Codes in Operation Q 代码在操作中的使用

Q codes are procedural abbreviations used in both CW and voice communication.

Core Operational Q Codes 常见操作类 Q 简码

Q Code	Meaning	中文含义	Typical Use 使用场景
QRZ?	Who is calling me?	谁在呼叫我？	未抄清呼号
QRM	Man-made interference	人为干扰	有人干扰
QRN	Natural interference	自然噪声	雷电等噪声
QSY	Change frequency	更换频率	请求换频
QRT	Stop transmitting	停止发射	结束通联
QRX	Wait	请等待	暂停
QRS	Send more slowly	慢一点发	CW 降速
QRQ	Send faster	加快速度	CW 提速
QRP	Low power	低功率	低功率操作
QRO	Increase power	提高功率	增加发射功率

Signal & Readability 信号与可读性

Q Code	Meaning	中文含义	Typical Use 使用场景
QSB	Fading	衰落	信号起伏
QSA	Signal strength	信号强度	类似 S 值
QTH	Location	位置	询问所在地
QSL	Confirm receipt	确认收到	确认通联
QSO	Contact	通联	一次通话

Proper use ensures concise and standardized communication.
正确使用有助于简洁规范的通信。

Logging & Confirmation 通联记录与确认

Although logging is not mandatory in Sweden, maintaining a logbook is good operating practice.
在瑞典不强制记录日志，但保持日志是良好习惯。

Logs may include:

Date and time
日期时间
Frequency
频率
Call sign
呼号
Signal report
信号报告

QSL cards or electronic confirmation systems may be used to confirm contacts.
可使用 QSL 卡或电子系统确认通联。

Responsibility in Operation 操作责任

Every operator is personally responsible for:

Compliance with frequency limits
遵守频率限制
Compliance with power limits
遵守功率限制
Avoidance of harmful interference
避免有害干扰

Operation must always remain within legal and ethical boundaries.
操作必须始终符合法律与伦理要求。

Call Signs & Identification 呼号结构与识别规则

Structure of an Amateur Call Sign 呼号结构

An amateur call sign consists of three main elements:

Prefix
Digit
Suffix

Prefix 前缀

The prefix contains one or two alphanumeric characters.
前缀由一到两个字母或字母+数字组成。

At least one character must be a letter.
至少包含一个字母。

The prefix identifies the country.
前缀用于识别国家。

Examples:

SM — Sweden
DL — Germany
F — France
K / N / W — USA

Digit 数字区号

A single digit (0–9) follows the prefix.
前缀后必须有一个数字（0–9）。

The digit often indicates geographical call area.
该数字通常表示地理区号。

Suffix 后缀

The suffix contains one to four alphanumeric characters.
后缀由一到四个字母或数字组成。

The final character must not be a digit.
最后一位不能是数字。

Swedish Call Sign Categories 瑞典呼号类别

Prefix	Type 类型	Description 描述
SM / SA	Individual	个人电台
SK	Club station	俱乐部电台
SL	Military club	军事俱乐部
7S / 8S	Special event	特殊活动呼号

These prefixes are nationally assigned by PTS.
这些前缀由瑞典主管机构分配。

Temporary Suffixes 临时附加标识

Call signs may be modified to indicate operating conditions.

呼号可以加后缀表示操作状态。

Extension	Meaning	中文
/P	Portable	便携操作
/M	Mobile	车载移动
/MM	Maritime mobile	海上移动
/AM	Aeronautical mobile	航空移动
/1	Operating in call area 1	在第 1 区操作
LA/SM2XYZ	Operating abroad	在挪威操作

The main call sign remains unchanged; extensions describe temporary status.
主呼号不变，附加标识表示临时状态。

Identification Requirements 呼号识别要求

An amateur station must identify with its call sign at regular intervals and at the end of a contact.
业余电台必须在通联期间定期报出呼号，并在结束时报呼号。

Identification must be clear and complete.
呼号必须清晰、完整。

Phonetic alphabet may be used when necessary.
必要时可使用拼读字母表。

Phonetic Alphabets 拼读字母表

Letter	ICAO	Swedish
A	Alpha	Adam
B	Bravo	Bertil
C	Charlie	Cesar
D	Delta	David
E	Echo	Erik
F	Foxtrot	Filip
G	Golf	Gustav
H	Hotel	Helge
I	India	Ivar
J	Juliett	Johan
K	Kilo	Kalle
L	Lima	Ludvig
M	Mike	Martin
N	November	Niklas
O	Oscar	Olof
P	Papa	Petter
Q	Quebec	Qvintus
R	Romeo	Rudolf
S	Sierra	Sigurd
T	Tango	Tore
U	Uniform	Urban
V	Victor	Viktor
W	Whiskey	Wilhelm
X	X-ray	Xerxes
Y	Yankee	Yngve
Z	Zulu	Zäta

Swedish Special Letters 瑞典特有字母

Letter	Swedish
Å	Åke
Ä	Ärlig
Ö	Östen

Numbers 数字对照

Number	ICAO	Swedish
0	Zero	Nolla
1	One	Ett
2	Two	Tvåa
3	Tree	Trea
4	Four	Fyra
5	Fife	Femma
6	Six	Sexa
7	Seven	Sju
8	Eight	Åtta
9	Niner	Nia

Zero 有时写作 Ø 以避免与字母 O 混淆。

Responsibility of the Call Sign Holder 呼号持有人的责任

The holder of a call sign is responsible for transmissions made under that call sign.
呼号持有人对以该呼号发射的通信负责。

Unauthorized use of a call sign is prohibited.
未经授权使用呼号是被禁止的。

The call sign uniquely identifies the station and its operator.
呼号是电台与操作员的唯一标识。